Humanitarian Intervention with Respect to R2P - 3241 Words

AGENDA- HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION WITH RESPECT TO R2P INTRODUCTION The objective of humanitarian intervention is to prevent mass violation of human rights and human dignity. It has remained a compelling issue in international affairs because of its controversial character. Although sovereignty has formed the basis of international relations since the Treaty of Westphalia, events in the 1990s raised the impetus of the international community to place the protection of civilians before state autonomy. However, given the complexity of international law and international relations, the threshold for triggering interventions continues to be debated. Definition Humanitarian intervention is the threat or use†¦show more content†¦The Secretariat General has strengthened capacity of mediation and control. It also proposed that the established of so called a Peace building Commission backed by supporting fund will effectively transform a country from war to peace. Murphy, Sean D.(1996) The United Nations in an Evolving World Order, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania press, 1996. Pg. 75-82 (b) Responsibility to Protect When peaceful means of a nation’s government fails to put a halt to genocide, ethnic cleansing, and mass violation or has been proven inadequate, the UN Security Council has the right to collectively take action. (c) Human rights, Democracy, and Rule of Law Decisive act must be taken to strengthen the UN human right machinery and to increase related funding. The 2005 World Summit also heavily favours for the idea of the foundation of Human Rights Council over the coming years. In addition to emphasizing the essentiality of a human right institution, the World Summit also reaffirmed democracy as a universal value. THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT – CORE PRINCIPLES (1) Basic Principles A. State sovereignty implies responsibility, and the primary responsibility for the protection of its people lies with the state itself. B. Where a population isShow MoreRelatedChinas Tenure on the United Nations Security Council2869 Words   |  12 Pageson respect for state sovereignty, an issue that was crucial to the survival of the PRC. Ideological differences between the United States and the Soviet Union, coupled with domestic concerns, also contributed to China’s inactive role on the SC. China had suffered greatly during the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s and lacked both the financial stability and personnel to contribute to UNPKO. However, even in this state, China never utilized its veto power to block efforts of humanitarian interventionRead MoreA Brief Note On The United Nations Charter1575 Words   |  7 Pagesto establish an international trusteeship which would place Syria under a provisional control of another nation. 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Overall, one finds that despite a moral imperative to intervene, humanitarian intervention should not occur but is perhaps the lesser of a seriesRead MoreThe Issue Of International Politics1846 Words   |  8 PagesAfter the end of the cold war, this became a lingering issue in international politics. During this period, there have been many cries for intervention - some of them being answered and some being ignored. But there continues to be a difference of opinion in the international community as to whether there is an imperative requirement of the right to intervention. If so, when should this right be exercised and who should be responsible for carrying out such an important task? These are just some ofRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention : Legality And Effect On Sovereignty2298 Words   |  10 Pages Humanitarian Intervention:Legality and Effect on Sovereignty Annel Veloz POLI110A David Foley 25 Nov 2014 Humanitarian Intervention: Legality and Effect on Sovereignty Humanitarian Intervention has been a topic of controversy especially in the last 100 years where the need for intervention has grown. The debate primarily being about whether or not humanitarian intervention is legal and what effect it has on a country’s sovereignty.After much research on this topic a conclusion was drawn thatRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention, NATO and International Law Essay3286 Words   |  14 PagesMuch recent discourse surrounding humanitarian intervention has focused on the responsibility to protect (R2P). Prevention is a key component for good international relations and few would say it is not important, but as evidence to date would show prevention is very ineffective, the legality of military intervention still needs to be debated, as to date there is no consensus. For any intervention to be legitimate, whether unilateral or multilateral, it must comply with international law. So asRead MoreThe State Centric Construction Of The International Poli tics3219 Words   |  13 Pagespolitics has forever made forceful interventions a contentious issue. In defining forceful intervention, Pattison states that â€Å" the conceptual condition of a forceful intervention requires the intervention to occur against someone’s wishes, particularly those who are responsible for the humanitarian crisis for the sole purpose of preventing, reducing or halting actual or impending loss of life and human suffering. It is crucial to note that this ‘humanitarian crisis’ is politically induced andRead MoreEssay about Legitimacy of the Canadian Intervention in Libya1527 Words   |  7 Pagesconflict differed from the conflicts in Tunisia and Egypt because it was not based on economic stresses. It was solely based on political stresses as Libyans aspired for the removal of Gaddafi and a legitimate democracy. The legitimacy of the Canadian intervention in the Libyan conflict will be analyzed by three criteria, which include, the threat of massacre, the support from nations, and the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. First, the threat of extreme terror and massacre loomed over Libya. AlthoughRead MoreThe Role of Responsibility to Protect in Syria3055 Words   |  13 Pages With the realization that the doctrine of humanitarian intervention was in dire need of change, the United Nations General Assembly met. According to the principles of Responsibility to Protect established at the United Nations World Summit in 2005, the recent events that have unfolded throughout the past year in Syria warrant a concerted international intervention. In this paper, I will examine the role of Responsibility to Protect and intervention in Syria. A LOOK BACK AT SYRIA: SYRIA’SRead MoreEssay on Humanitarian Intervention2064 Words   |  9 PagesThe debate of humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect have been discussed in international relations discourse more seriously within the last 60 years. The major historical developments which have led to an increase in the intensity of these debates have had beneficial and detrimental effects on Earth within the last 20 years. Several factors have contributed to this including; globalization, the rise in international accountability, an increase humanitarian consciousness to prevent

The Evaluation And Possible Solutions Of Egypt’s Current Energy Crisis Free Essays

Egypt, one of the cradles of civilization, is distinguished by its tourist industry due to its mysterious cultural attributes and long history. Its abundant touristic resources and attractions made Egypt an admiration of travelers all over the world. Consequently, the tourist industry has become an essential role of Egypt’s economic foundation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evaluation And Possible Solutions Of Egypt’s Current Energy Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, Egypt is also regarded as the largest non-OPEC (organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) country in the continent of Africa (Payne, 2012). According to Payne (2012), Egypt’s daily yield of crude oil is approximately 700,000 barrels, and since the year of 2008, Egypt has discovered 7 crude oil and natural gas deposits. Among them, the largest detection produces around 58000 barrels of crude oil and 2. 8 million cubic feet of natural gas every day. (Graeber, 2013). Norton Rose Fulbright, an international business organization, has also indicated that Egypt possesses a total capacity of 4. 4 billion barrels of crude oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in its deposits. Ironically, even with such unique financial advantages and bountiful domestic natural resources, Egypt is now undergoing the most severe energy crisis in its history. This tremendous energy scarcity has already resulted in a soaring of food prices, and regular blackouts of household electricity, if this deficiency continues it could further threaten the livelihood of Egyptian citizens or even lead to serious social security issues. Kirkpatick (2013) pointed out in his report that because diesel machineries are the most common apparatus Egyptian use to irrigating and harvesting their crops, the insufficiency of fossil fuel has disabled numerous famers from yielding crops in the harvest season. It is not only the farmers who are despairing, the employees who need to commute a long distance for work also feel miserable due to the fact that the scarcity of gasoline has doubled the fuel price and caused a long queue in every gas station. Furthermore, the electricity blackouts have made the electricity in vital public facilities such as schools and hospitals unstable, thus tremendously impaired the quality of medical and educational affairs. More seriously, an evaluation of International Crisis Group has revealed that the fragile political stability accompanied with the growing public panic (concern) toward the inflating of fuel price could ultimately result in the withering of Egypt’s hard-earned democracy (Kirkpatrick, 2013). Before the government can take any action to appropriately resolve this severe energy scarcity, it is extremely crucial for them to be acquainted with the principal causes of this problem. Although several speculations have been made toward the root of this devastating energy crisis through different perspectives, it is generally believed by experts that Egypt’s energy insufficiency is the ultimate result of its incompetent refining technologies, inappropriate subsidizing policies, leaky energy allocating systems, and teetering social security. First of all, the initial element that put Egypt in this vulnerable circumstance is its inadequate refining technology. According to Kirkpatrick (2013) and Payne (2012), Egypt has very restricted capability in refining crude oil into petroleum products such as diesel fuel. Therefore, despite the fact that Egypt holds a considerable amount of domestic energy, they have to rely heavily on the import of petroleum products, and export their crude oil at a much cheaper price. The other primary preexisting factor that contributes to the energy crisis is Egypt’s burdensome subsidizing policy of energy. According to Ragui, an official of Egypt’s Economic Research Forum, nearly 30% of Egypt’s governmental expense can be attributed to the energy subsidy. Moreover, Ragui also pointed out that subsidized fuel cost less than one fifth of its original price (Kirkpatrick, 2013). Although this program is very beneficial to civilians especially in the condition when 40% of Egyptians are below the poverty line, the economists in Egypt have already doubted the practicability of this policy even before the crisis, according to Kirkpatrick’s report (2012), many experts considered this policy untenable. Even though, Egyptian government expended a great effort on subsidizing energies, the leaky distributing system has played a major role that not only negated the benefit of subsidizing policy, but also indirectly resulted in the present energy scarcity. As pinpointed by Hakim’s report (2013), only 20% of subsidized fuels were allocated to those who deserve it, and the other 80% of them did not go to where they were supposed to. Since the Egypt government has difficulty on tracking their fuels, many tanker trucks sell subsidized fossil fuels to black markets for better profit. In addition, because this leaky distributing system made illegal access of fuel more effortless, once the rumor of impending fuel shortage spread out, the inappropriate hoarding of fuel from panicked citizens has increased tremendously, and that, according to Kirkpatrick’s report, is the other significant factor that worsened this energy crisis. The trigger that linked every preexisting factor together and ultimately resulted in Egypt’s energy crisis is the instability of Egypt’s social security. Before the â€Å"2011 Egyptian revolution†, with its thriving touristic industry and expanding foreign investments, Egypt was prosperous. As the growing of the energy demand for their rapidly developing economy and fast expanding population, they put more budgets on importing fuels and subsidizing energy. However, according to Kirkpatrick (2013), after the ouster of Hosni Mubarak, who has been the president of Egypt for more than 30 years, violent protests and mayhem from his advocates have collapsed Egypt’s tourism and unnerved its foreign investors. Without those two essential sources, the economy of Egypt soon contracted and withered to almost one third of its annual income in 2010. Nevertheless, with such a severe economic contraction, Egypt’s energy expenses remained the same. Consequently, the new government was incapable of affording the heavy subsidization, and energy import, therefore, triggered the national wide energy crisis. According to the different perspective, there are various opinions concerning the possible solutions of this energy crisis, however, only few of them are considered as realistic and practical regarding the urgent circumstance of Egypt. Among them, the most practicable solution of Egypt’s energy crisis is to reform the government policy, to improve the distribution system, to accept the loan from the I. M. F. (International Monetary Fund), and to advance the next democratic election date. Although it has been mentioned by several organizations that improving Egypt’s refining technology may be a long-term solution that could terminate Egypt’s demand of importing petroleum products, it is not a preferable solution base on the current circumstances. According to Payne (2012), if Egypt can refine its domestic crude oil, it would produce adequate petroleum products to sustain Egypt’s own energy consumption in a much lower cost. However, the advancing of refinery requires years of development and the investment of foreign technology: the two elements that Egypt is lack of. The turbulent social security of Egypt has unnerved most of its foreign investors (Graeber, 2013), and the deterioration of economy and political stability has urged government to  take immediate action. The other controversial solution is the development of renewable energy. It is highly recommended and encouraged by many energy experts that Egypt should allocate funds to invest in renewable energy technology instead of subsidizing the fossil fuel. Due to its geographical distinction, Egypt possesses massive potential for sustainable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, or geothermal energy. (Norton Rose Fulbright, 2013). The advocates of renewable energy claimed that due to the flawed allocation system, the subsidization policy is an extremely inefficient way to spend funds. They further affirmed that through a specific solar energy project, which can generate about 3-giga watts within 18 months, Egypt’s energy insufficiency will be resolved easily. (Hakim, 2013) However, many economists considered this method unrealistic due to its time consumption and expensive initial expense. They pointed out that it would take at least 3 to 5 years of transition time to invest on the new energy including building new supply chains, setting up generators, and establishing new infrastructures. (Watson, 2012). Moreover, due to Egypt’s abundant crude oil deposits, it is not advisable to invest more currency on developing the other alternative energies, especially in this vital period when the government is already in deep deficit. It is crucial for Egyptian administration to reform their heavy energy subsidization policy in order to alleviate the unbearable burden on their economy. As indicated by Kirkpatrick (2013), by implementing a reduction on energy subsidy, it will not only give the government sufficient funding to import energy, but it will also restore Egypt’s credibility for more international loans and finish this energy crisis even faster. However, reform in policy can be very problematic, especially when subsidy is involved. The teetering political stability of Egypt could be too vulnerable to afford any big change in society. According to the reports of Kirkpatrick (2012,2013), the administration of this reform could be extremely challenging due to the fact that 40% of Egyptians are under the poverty line and most of them possess resentments against the government already because of the existing energy scarcity and the soaring price of food. Kirkpatrick further indicated the difficulty of this reform by stating: â€Å"any potential increase in fuel prices or the price of other basic necessities could spur renewed unrest. † Moreover, even if the government can successfully implement the reform on  its subsidization policy, it is possible for the positive effects to be nullified if the leaky energy distribution system, which is currently preventing Egyptian citizens from purchasing fuel at its original price, stays the same. In order to monitor the allocation of subsidized energy more effectively and make it more accessible to the people who deserve it, the Egyptian government has developed a smart card system that can effectively track the gas trucks and ensure that they reach their destination with whole shipments (Kirkpatrick, 2013). Although this new technology is not nation wide it has received a great success in the villages that adopted it. Moreover, according to Kirkpatrick’s report (2013), Egyptian civilians possess a great hope in this new system. The other factor that could contribute to the solution of Egypt’s energy insufficiency is a $4. 8 billion loan offered by the I. M. F. (International Monetary Fund). This international loan could enable Egypt to import sufficient fuel to temporarily settle the energy crisis in this urgent period. However, although it can effectively secure Egypt from the damage of this energy crisis for awhile, it is not a long-term solution. Moreover, this loan is offered with a condition of the commitment to increase taxes and cut subsidies. Therefore, accepting this loan could stimulate more civil unrest and worsen an already shaky social security. Under the fear of public reaction, despite the advice of the UN, the Egyptian administration refused this offer repeatedly (Kirkpatrick, 2013). Finally, in order to ultimately resolve this problem, find a way to stabilize the political unrest is inevitable. According to the report of Watson (2012), the whole energy crisis occurred initially after the ouster of the former present Hosni Mubarak in 2011 and climaxed after the first democratic president Mohamed Morsi in July 2013. Evidently, the Egypt’s energy crisis is closely related to its political stability. Watson also reported that the core factor of Egypt’s social unrest can be attributed to citizens’ resentment against the military regime. Therefore, in order to change this phenomenon appropriately, it is highly recommended to advance the election date from 2014 to as soon as possible. That way Egypt will not only revitalize its tourism but also gain back most of the foreign investment, thus solve the energy crisis once for all. In conclusion, Egypt’s energy scarcity is mainly leaded by its flawed subsidizing policies, deficient energy distribution system, and shaky social security. Therefore,  in order to resolve this energy crisis appropriately, it is crucial for Egyptian administration to focus and reform these problems one by one. According to the research, the most practicable way to result these problems is to first promote the smart card system, which will help government to allocate subsidized energy more effectively to people who need them. After increase the accessibility of subsidized energy, the government can subsequently implement a reduction on energy subsidy. Due to the teetering social security, it is highly advisable to execute this reduction subtly and appropriately. This reform of Egypt’s subsidy policy will not only largely alleviate the burden of its economy, but will also make Egypt eligible to take the international loan offered by the I. M. F. ; therefore, provide Egypt more funds to import fossil fuel for the sake of its energy crisis. Subsequent to the reform of governmental policy, it is advisable for Egypt to advance the date of democratic election due to the purpose of stabilizing its social security. Once the social security is stabilized, Egypt will be able to revitalize its touristic industry and regain its foreign investment, which will resolve the energy crisis once for all. How to cite The Evaluation And Possible Solutions Of Egypt’s Current Energy Crisis, Papers

Business Research Methodology for Social Media - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research Methodology for Social Media. Answer: Social media and social network are beneficial for the business to create brand awareness and to promote a business in an organization (Zhang et al. 2017). However, the social network establishes a strong communication with the customers in the context of any business. This current assignment deals with the learning process of the individuals to based on the application of social media in business sectors. The learning experience is a process through which an individual is able to gain knowledge from the theoretical evaluation or practical evaluation (Heymann-Reder 2012). According to me, learning experience gives practical knowledge to an individual besides the theoretical knowledge. Based on the assessment 1 and assessment the individual gets a clear idea of the advantage and disadvantage of social media application in the context of business. This learning experience allows me to get a clear idea about the application of social media in the business industry. A learning experience has a great value to improve the individual's skill. Regarding me learning experience regarding the pros and cons of the application of social media in business, sectors allow the individual to get a preliminary idea about its impact on the work of an employee (Grabher and Knig 2017). Therefore, a learning experience also enables the individuals to make them personally and professionally active in the near future. From the discussion of the use of social media network in the business sectors, I am able to understand that social media network has been increasing rapidly in the business sector to promote a business. However, there is some negative impact of social media in the business that also defined by me through such learning experience. This learning process is beneficial for me as it helps me to make my career as a management student with proper business skill. However, for a business student, it is important to understand all marketing tools that will enhance the sale as well as the customer engagement (Clark et al. 2017). According to me, such learning process will allow me to understand the various aspects that are both the benefits and drawbacks of the use of social media network in the business industry. However, it will help me to make my future as professional in the near future. This learning practice is beneficial for me to pursue my management study, as marketing is a big part of the management study. Therefore, this learning will help me to make me as the business professional in the marketing team of a business by using the social media network in the proper way for business promotion. As per my viewpoint, this learning process will enable me to transfer my knowledge in my professional sector in future. However, I will be able to share my learning experience regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the social media network in the context of a business. This will enable me to apply the social media network in the proper way that will not affect the growth of a business. However, I will also insist my co-worker utilize the social media properly in the context of business in the near future. Learning process includes a theoretical knowledge and a practical knowledge (Kasemsap 2017). However, in the learning process, different phases occur that lead me to improve my knowledge and my existing skills. According to me, this learning process enables me to observe that social media and business performance have a relationship. However, corporate social performance, financial performance, and operational performance can be enhanced through the application of social media. It was understood by me through the learning outcomes that a massive research is needed to develop a study. Therefore, it was seen by me that in this learning process I have to carry out more research about the application of the social media in the business context. It was read by me that social media has both positive and negative effect on the business performance. Hence, it was heard by me that valid information is required to develop a project properly. During the learning process, I took more time to und erstand the concept of social media network in the context of business. Therefore, I have evaluated information based on assignment 1 and 2 to get a clear idea of such studies and to enhance my knowledge. Assessment 1 gives a preliminary idea about the application of social media in business performance. As per my viewpoint, evaluation of the learning is vital to analyze the knowledge of an individual (Sonnenschein et al. 2017). Based on the assessment 1 and 2 I got a brief idea about the benefits and drawbacks of the social media network in business performance. However, in assessment 2 it has found that time consumption is a big disadvantage of the use of social media network. Therefore, it is difficult for the business organization to take control over the feedbacks of the customers regarding a product or service. However, often the customers show negative feedbacks regarding the product and service that affect the business. Therefore, the competitors may affect the business by using social media platform and breach of confidentiality is another drawback of social media application in business. Despite such drawbacks, I believe that social media has an important role in developing communication with a large population from different geographical regions. This business research is useful for my research learning process as a management student I am able to get a clear concept about the application of digital marketing via social media application. This current learning process is helpful for me to analyze the strength of my existing skill. I felt that this learning practice enables me to enrich my knowledge regarding the business. This learning experience can be connected with cognitive learning as it improves my knowledge regarding a business project. According to the popular viewpoints learning process leads an individual to gather knowledge from their learning experience (Velez et al. 2017). I believe that assessment 1 and assessment 2 is based on the advantages and disadvantages of social media network in the business context, which leads me to enhance my knowledge regarding the digital marketing. However, the digital marketing is a modern marketing tool in the recent years. Hence, as a management student, it is important for me to develop a clear concept of digital marketing via social media to enhance the marketing knowledge. According to me, present learning process enables an individual to apply it in future to get significant outcomes (Sonnenschein et al. 2017). From the assessment 1 and assessment 2, I have acquired a brief knowledge about the application of social media marketing in the business. This knowledge will help to develop a plan for my future career. To be a professional in the near future a preliminary knowledge is required for a person. Hence, such assessments will be helpful for me to develop my future plan as a professional. In order to be a marketing professional, it is important for me to understand the modern marketing tool. Hence, digital marketing is very popular in the recent years. For this reason, it is vital for me to identify the benefits and drawbacks of the social marketing media in the context of business. It will allow me to use the social marketing media for the business promotion. Hence, this learning experience will be beneficial for me to enhance my professional skills and develop me personally in a working sector in near future. The entire reflective study reveals the benefits of the learning experience regarding the impact of social media application in business performance. This current learning experience is relevant to my course as well as the research subject. This allows me to understand the various aspects of digital marketing. However, my existing skill will be developed regarding the marketing through such learning while it will also help me to develop me professionally in my near future. Therefore, the positive and negative aspect of social media application to advertise the product or service is also evaluated in this assignment that is essential for a marketing professional in their working place. References Clark, M., Clark, M., Black, H.G., Black, H.G., Judson, K. and Judson, K., 2017. Brand community integration and satisfaction with social media sites: a comparative study.Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing,11(1), pp.39-55. Grabher, G. and Knig, J., 2017. Performing network theory? Reflexive relationship management on social network sites. InNetworked Governance(pp. 121-140). Springer International Publishing. Heymann-Reder, D., 2012.Social Media Marketing. Addison-Wesley Verlag. Kasemsap, K., 2017. Professional and business applications of social media platforms. InAnalyzing the strategic role of social networking in firm growth and productivity(pp. 427-450). IGI Global. Sonnenschein, K., Barker, M., Hibbins, R. and Cain, M., 2017. Practical Experience Is Really Important: Perceptions of Chinese International Students About the Benefits of Work Integrated Learning in Their Australian Tourism and Hospitality Degrees. InProfessional Learning in the Work Place for International Students(pp. 259-275). Springer, Cham. Velez, C.M., Nicolaidis, C., Korthuis, P.T. and Englander, H., 2017. Its been an Experience, a Life Learning Experience: A Qualitative Study of Hospitalized Patients with Substance Use Disorders.Journal of general internal medicine,32(3), pp.296-303. Zhang, M., Guo, L., Hu, M. and Liu, W., 2017. Influence of customer engagement with company social networks on stickiness: Mediating effect of customer value creation.International Journal of Information Management,37(3), pp.229-240.